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This is http://www.essayz.com/a8612201.htm Previous-Essay <== This-Essay ==> Following-Essay Click HERE on this line to find essays via Your-Key-Words. {Most frequent wordstarts of each essay will be put here.} ========================================================== %TRANSCENDING COMMUNAL REFLEXIVE BIAS 861220 Bias often originates in reflexive considerations through selfish self interest. This is true both at the individual and communal levels. Individual reflexive bias can in part be transcended through communal checks and balances which help to reveal selfish self interest and how it generates individual bias; i.e., by people with complementary and contradictory biases revealing each other's biases. Communal reflexive bias can not be transcended by isolated communities which are alienated from each other; just as individual reflexive bias can not be transcended by isolated individuals who are alienated from each other. Reflexive bias is transcended through open and honest dialogue among the individuals and/or communities that suffer from reflexive bias. Only through open and honest dialogue are their biases likely to be revealed and seen clearly. In light of the above it is helpful to recognize that reflexive bias is rooted in and nourished by the fear of rejection and excommunication---fear which is characteristic of peoples and communities that lack genuine emotional security; i.e., lack the freedom to be intimately open and honest without fear of rejection and excommunication. Insecure people are on the defensive. Defensive people are not secure, and do not through defensiveness achieve security; no matter how sophisticated, powerful, costly or destructive their defensive technologies may be. Such technologies undermine genuine emotional security and nourish the reflexive bias which prompts emotional insecurity. Wisdom involves the integrative use of knowledge and skills within real daily contexts where they are relevant. Reflexive bias undermines wise behavior. Meaningful coping entails more than technocratic success in celebrating means. Meaningful coping entails wise considerations which are free of reflexive bias and lead by both personal and communal wisdom in integrative ways. Transcending communal reflexive bias does not come through the winning of contests, conflicts or wars. It comes through resolving conflicts among ideals in integrative ways. (c) 2005 by Paul A. Smith in (On Being Yourself, Whole and Healthy) ==========================================================