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This is http://www.essayz.com/a9608252.htm Previous-Essay <== This-Essay ==> Following-Essay Click HERE on this line to find essays via Your-Key-Words. {Most frequent wordstarts of each essay will be put here.} ========================================================== %SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCE DESCRIPTION AUTHORITY+960825 %HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE WAVE PARTICLE DUO 960825 Science pertains to knowledge. Objective science pertains to knowledge of objects approached objectivity and viewed from a distance with detachment, even though through human manipulations. Objective science minimizes participation on a personal level in uniquely personal relationships. Reflexive science pertains to knowledge of our selves and communities approached personally and known through intimate personal relationships which are as free of systematic bias as is possible for us. Reflexive science entails participation on a personal level in uniquely personal relationships. Objective science seeks to minimize uncertainty by the elimination of subjective/personal bias. It seeks consensus among properly trained people using a common language and set of protocols. Reflexive science seeks to minimize uncertainty by the reduction of alienation, estrangement, personal ignorance and personal prejudice. It seeks to promote open and honest dialogue in intimate relationships where people freely share gifts of security known as the freedom to be safely vulnerable. Integrative science seeks to minimize uncertainty by the integration of the approaches and advantages of objective science and reflexive science. Uncertainty is not eliminated; just minimized. When uncertainty is minimized there is still objective uncertainty and reflexive uncertainty; in keeping with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in physics, when we we have minimized the uncertainty about the position and motion of a particle we still do not know exactly where and how fast it is moving. The social sciences have evolved in the light of the objective sciences---and have sought to rely upon the approaches and methods of the objective sciences. For that reason the have often failed to shed much light upon reflexive realities and relationships. Too often the focus has been exclusively upon the objective aspects of human relationships; aspects which can be measured. In ancient times natural philosophy focused upon authoritative statements of the great philosopher Aristotle---whose teachings dominated western teachings for two thousand years. The focus was upon what an authority had taught. The modern scientific revolution grew out of shifting the focus away from what an authority had taught to what people have observed, described and agreed upon as being common to their experiences. The focus shifted from authoritative statements to authoritative methods of experimentation and analysis. It used to be that authorities prescribed what was true, right, proper and correct. The scientific revolution shifted attention away from such authoritative prescriptions to focus instead upon existential descriptions of what people have experienced, observed, perceived and shared in common---with the emphasis being upon the objective realm. Objective science focuses attention upon descriptions in the objective realm. Morality, ethics and many religions have focused attention upon prescriptions in the realm of reflexive relationships. Perhaps it is time to focus attention upon integrative science which includes descriptions of reflexive relationships and how to integrate such descriptions with descriptions of elements and relationships in the objective realm. Descriptions of existential experiences of reflexive realities and relationships may be more helpful than prescriptions, proscriptions and judgments made about such existential experiences of reflexive realities and relationships. Participants in reflexive collusive games of mutual self deception will object to people exposing their dishonesty, and so will object to any attempt to develop any kind of integrative science which includes open and honest dialogue about reflexive experiences. (c) 2005 by Paul A. Smith in (On Being Yourself, Whole and Healthy) ==========================================================